Research corpus ConsensusBLC-STUDY-0152

Majority Is Not Enough: Bitcoin Mining Is Vulnerable

A miner who withholds blocks and releases them to waste honest work can earn more than their share, even below 50 percent, under the paper's propagation assumptions.

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Record

Authors: Ittay Eyal and Emin Gün Sirer
Date: 2014
Publisher: Ittay Eyal and Emin Gün Sirer
Version: Source cited by the 2014 study. The study is the reading. This page does not add a second essay.
Document ID: BLC-STUDY-0152
DOI: None recorded
Last reviewed: 1 October 2026
Licence: No licence recorded. Rights status under review.

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Direct answer

A miner who withholds blocks and releases them to waste honest work can earn more than their share, even below 50 percent, under the paper's propagation assumptions.

Where to read

Official source — arXiv:1311.0243
Blockchain Lab study, the canonical readingOriginal commentary. Not a transcription of the paper.

Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.

Full text

Full text is not published on this page. Public availability is not a licence to republish a document. Blockchain Lab has not recorded a licence that permits an HTML transcription, a training set, or a retrieval corpus of the paper. Text on this page is Blockchain Lab's own wording, or a pointer to a study that is also Blockchain Lab's wording.

What changed

A reading of the public document. Not a copy of it, and not a claim about a later network that reused the name.

Relationships

Canonical readingSelfish Mining study
Related paperBitcoin Backbone
Related paperBitcoin-NG

Cite this record

These citations point at the source document. They are not a licence to copy it.

Author–date

Eyal, I., & Sirer, E. G. (2014). Majority Is Not Enough: Bitcoin Mining Is Vulnerable. Ittay Eyal and Emin Gün Sirer. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1311.0243

BibTeX

@techreport{selfishmining2014,
  title = {Majority Is Not Enough: Bitcoin Mining Is Vulnerable},
  author = {Ittay Eyal and Emin Gün Sirer},
  year = {2014},
  institution = {Ittay Eyal and Emin Gün Sirer},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/pdf/1311.0243},
  note = {Rights status: Official external source only. Blockchain Lab record: https://blockchainlab.com/research/corpus/papers/selfish-mining}
}

RIS

TY  - RPRT
TI  - Majority Is Not Enough: Bitcoin Mining Is Vulnerable
AU  - Ittay Eyal
AU  - Emin Gün Sirer
PY  - 2014
PB  - Ittay Eyal and Emin Gün Sirer
UR  - https://arxiv.org/pdf/1311.0243
N1  - Rights status: Official external source only
ER  -

CSL-JSON

[
  {
    "type": "report",
    "id": "BLC-STUDY-0152",
    "title": "Majority Is Not Enough: Bitcoin Mining Is Vulnerable",
    "author": [
      {
        "literal": "Ittay Eyal"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Emin Gün Sirer"
      }
    ],
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2014
        ]
      ]
    },
    "publisher": "Ittay Eyal and Emin Gün Sirer",
    "URL": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1311.0243",
    "note": "Rights status: Official external source only. Not a licence to republish the paper."
  }
]

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Rights record

Source status: Official source
Use status: Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.
Rights: Official external source only
Training and retrieval: Not permitted from this site. There is no rights-cleared full text to retrieve or to train on.

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