Blockchain
Powering the Internet of Value
This paper is the result of a research project carried out by Labs in EVRY Financial Services during the fall of 2015.
The Blockchain Canon
Paper intelligence
1775 design papers, read as desk notes.
Each record separates the mechanism, the assumptions, and what the network did later. Underlined words open the live concept, protocol, or failure record. Where the upstream file is CC0, or a BIP states its own licence, the full text is on this site. Other documents stay a link. The reading-list builder attaches repositories. It does not fork them. Historic PDFs stay at their original paths. The research corpus is the rights and citation layer.
PrivacyConsensusInteroperabilityScalingMarketsCredit and stable valueData and agentsStorage and networksConfidential compute
Privacy
CryptoNote · 2013 · Design paper
CryptoNote v 2.0
CryptoNote hides which output was spent by signing as a group, and it stops address reuse by giving every payment a fresh destination key. Amounts stay in the clear.
Zerocoin · 2013 · Design paper
Zerocoin: Anonymous Distributed E-Cash from Bitcoin
Zerocoin lets someone burn a coin into a public commitment and later withdraw a different coin by proving the commitment is in the set, without saying which one.
Zerocash · 2014 · Design paper
Zerocash: Decentralized Anonymous Payments from Bitcoin
Zerocash makes the payment itself private: the chain checks that value was conserved and not double-spent, without learning the sender, the receiver, or the amount.
Monero · 2016 · Design paper
Ring Confidential Transactions
Ring Confidential Transactions hide the amount inside a Monero-style ring, and still let the network check that inputs cover outputs and that a coin is spent only once.
Mimblewimble · 2016 · Design paper
Mimblewimble
Mimblewimble stores a chain of confidential outputs and the kernels that authorise them, and it lets spent history be cut away without breaking the check that no value was created.
Consensus
Cardano · 2017 · Design paper
Ouroboros: A Provably Secure Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocol
Ouroboros elects slot leaders from a stake distribution, and it argues that forging a chain still costs an adversary more stake than the honest majority, without burning energy on empty hashes.
Algorand · 2017 · Design paper
ALGORAND: The Efficient and Democratic Ledger
Algorand picks a small, unpredictable committee for each step, lets that committee vote, and replaces it before an adversary can learn who to corrupt.
Avalanche · 2018 · Design paper
Snowflake to Avalanche: A Novel Metastable Consensus Protocol Family
Avalanche asks each node to sample a few others, adopt the colour it sees, and repeat. A decision that starts with a small majority is argued to lock in quickly, without a leader and without every node talking to every other.
Solana · 2018 · Design paper
Solana: A new architecture for a high performance blockchain
Solana's paper bets that a chain can order a firehose of transactions if every node shares a clock, built by hashing the passage of time, and if signature checks are done before the block is agreed.
Tendermint · 2014 · Design paper
Tendermint: Consensus without Mining
Tendermint runs a round of propose, prevote and precommit among a known weighted set. If more than two thirds prevote and precommit the same block, the block is final. It does not get unfinalised by a longer fork.
Tezos · 2014 · Design paper
Tezos — a self-amending crypto-ledger
Tezos treats the rules of the ledger, including the rules for changing the rules, as something the stakeholders can amend on-chain, with a delay long enough to exit.
Hedera · 2016 · Design paper
The Swirlds Hashgraph Consensus Algorithm: Fair, Fast, Byzantine Fault Tolerance
Hashgraph has every node gossip about gossip, weave those events into a graph, and run a virtual vote on that graph so that, in the paper's model, nobody has to send a vote.
Nano · 2017 · Design paper
Nano: A Feeless Distributed Cryptocurrency Network
Nano gives each account its own chain, lets that account record a balance change by referencing the block it is spending, and uses a vote among representatives only when two blocks conflict.
Zilliqa · 2017 · Design paper
The ZILLIQA Technical Whitepaper
Zilliqa splits the network into shards that process transactions in parallel, and it uses a smaller committee to order the shards' results so the pieces form one chain.
Harmony · 2019 · Design paper
Harmony Technical Whitepaper
Harmony combines staking, random sharding, and a fast Byzantine protocol inside each shard, and it tries to finish cross-shard messages in the same epoch rather than leaving them as an IOU.
MultiversX · 2019 · Design paper
Elrond: A Highly Scalable Public Blockchain via Adaptive State Sharding
Elrond, later MultiversX, proposes adaptive state sharding: accounts, transactions and validators are all split, and the split changes size as the network grows.
NEAR · 2019 · Design paper
The NEAR White Paper
NEAR shards execution across chunks, has a small group produce each chunk, and uses a nightshade-style assumption that a block can be valid even when some chunks are still hidden, as long as the data becomes available.
Aptos · 2022 · Design paper
The Aptos Blockchain: Safe, Scalable, and Upgradeable Web3 Infrastructure
Aptos takes the Move language and a pipelined Byzantine protocol, and it argues that a block can be spread, ordered, executed and certified as separate stages instead of one slow lockstep.
Sui · 2022 · Design paper
The Sui Smart Contracts Platform
Sui's paper claims that an object a single owner holds can be committed without going through a total order with every other object. Shared objects still take the slower consensus path.
Diem · 2020 · Historical document
The Diem Blockchain
The Diem paper specifies a permissioned Byzantine chain for a payment system, with a stated validator set, a Move-based language, and upgrades and compliance hooks designed in rather than denied.
Mina · 2020 · Design paper
Coda: Decentralized Cryptocurrency at Scale
Mina, described in the Coda paper, replaces a growing block history with a short zero-knowledge proof that the current state is the result of a valid chain. A phone is supposed to check the proof, not the history.
TON · 2021 · Design paper
The Open Network
The Open Network paper describes a bag of sharded blockchains that can split and merge, with a masterchain recording their hashes, aimed at very high throughput and instant-feeling payments.
Kadena · 2018 · Design paper
Chainweb: A Proof-of-Work Parallel-Chain Architecture for Massive Throughput
Chainweb braids many proof-of-work chains so that each block commits to its peers' previous headers. The claim is that the braid gives throughput and makes a deep reorg on one chain visible to the others.
EOSIO · 2018 · Design paper
EOS.IO Technical White Paper
EOS.IO describes a delegated proof-of-stake chain in which a small elected set of block producers takes turns, users vote with staked tokens, and the software is built around high throughput and named accounts.
Internet Computer · 2018 · Design paper
DFINITY Consensus System
The DFINITY consensus paper uses a random beacon and a threshold group to pick a block maker and notarize a chain quickly, aiming at a public chain whose 'final' confirmation is seconds away under its assumptions.
Interoperability
Polkadot · 2016 · Design paper
Polkadot: Vision for a heterogeneous multi-chain framework
Polkadot's vision paper asks for many specialised chains that share a security layer, so a new chain need not recruit its own miners before it can be taken seriously.
Cosmos · 2016 · Design paper
Cosmos: A Network of Distributed Ledgers
Cosmos separates an application from its consensus, then connects many such applications with a packet protocol that does not pretend they share one validator set.
Scaling
Lightning · 2016 · Design paper
The Bitcoin Lightning Network: Scalable Off-Chain Instant Payments
Lightning lets two parties lock bitcoin in a channel, update a private balance many times, and publish a transaction on the base chain only when they need to settle or to punish a cheat.
Plasma · 2017 · Design paper
Plasma: Scalable Autonomous Smart Contracts
Plasma proposes child chains that post a commitment to a root chain, and it tries to make exits safe even if the child operator cheats, provided users watch and challenge.
Arbitrum · 2018 · Design paper
Arbitrum: Scalable, private smart contracts
The Arbitrum paper describes a dispute protocol in which a manager need not re-execute a contract. If someone cheats, a bisection game narrows the lie to one step a small checker can verify.
StarkWare · 2018 · Design paper
Scalable, transparent, and post-quantum secure computational integrity
The StarkWare paper shows a proof of computational integrity that is succinct, needs no trusted setup, and is argued to stay sound against quantum adversaries, so a chain can check a large computation by checking a small proof.
Celestia · 2019 · Design paper
LazyLedger: A Distributed Data Availability Ledger With Client-Side Smart Contracts
LazyLedger, the paper behind Celestia's idea, has a chain that orders and publishes data, and leaves execution to clients. The chain does not run your contract. It makes the bytes available.
EigenLayer · 2023 · Design paper
EigenLayer: The Restaking Collective
EigenLayer's paper proposes that ether already staked to secure Ethereum can be restaked, under extra slash conditions, to secure other services the staker opts into.
Polygon · 2019 · Design paper
Matic Network white paper
The Matic paper describes a sidechain whose checkpoints are posted to Ethereum, with a proof-of-stake layer for fast blocks and the root chain used for periodic commitment and for disputes.
Markets
Uniswap · 2020 · Design paper
Uniswap v2 Core
Uniswap v2 prices a pair with a constant product: the pool multiplies its two reserves and refuses any trade that would shrink that product, before the fee.
Uniswap · 2021 · Design paper
Uniswap v3 Core
Uniswap v3 lets a liquidity provider choose a price range. Inside that range their capital does more of the trading. Outside it, they are entirely in one asset and earn nothing until the price returns.
Curve · 2019 · Design paper
StableSwap — efficient mechanism for Stablecoin liquidity
StableSwap shapes the curve so that similarly priced assets trade near one-to-one with low slippage, and the pool steepens into a normal product curve if the price runs away.
Balancer · 2019 · Design paper
Balancer: A non-custodial portfolio manager, liquidity provider, and price sensor
Balancer generalises the constant-product pool to more than two tokens and to weights that need not be equal, so a pool can be a portfolio that also quotes prices.
0x · 2017 · Design paper
0x: An open protocol for decentralized exchange on the Ethereum blockchain
0x specifies off-chain orders that anyone can relay, and an on-chain settlement contract that checks signatures and moves the tokens, so the order book does not have to live in the contract.
Bancor · 2017 · Design paper
Bancor Protocol: Continuous Liquidity and Asynchronous Price Discovery for Tokens through their Smart Contracts
Bancor's paper puts a smart token in the middle of every conversion. The token holds reserves of other assets, and a formula quotes a price from the reserve ratio so a market can exist without a matching seller.
THORChain · 2020 · Design paper
THORChain: a decentralised liquidity protocol
THORChain's paper describes a network of continuous-liquidity pools that swap native assets across chains, with bonded node operators who can be slashed if they mishandle the vaults.
Credit and stable value
Compound · 2019 · Design paper
Compound: The Money Market Protocol
Compound's paper turns deposited tokens into a fungible claim and lets borrowers post collateral and draw a balance, with interest rates that move automatically as utilisation of the pool changes.
Aave · 2020 · Design paper
Aave Protocol white paper
Aave's paper extends pooled lending with aTokens that rebase the balance itself, and with flash loans that must be repaid inside one transaction.
Maker · 2017 · Design paper
The Dai Stablecoin System
Maker's Dai is a liability minted against collateral locked in a vault, kept near a dollar target by a stability fee, a liquidation auction, and an emergency shutdown that settles to the collateral.
Terra · 2019 · Failure case
Terra Money: Stability and Adoption
Terra's paper tries to keep a fiat-pegged token stable by letting traders mint and burn it against a second, volatile token, with no exogenous collateral equal to the supply. It is included as a design that failed in public.
Data and agents
Chainlink · 2017 · Design paper
Chainlink: A Decentralized Oracle Network
Chainlink's paper answers a narrow question: how a contract can receive a fact from outside its chain, from a committee of nodes that fetch, aggregate and sign, instead of from one operator typing it in.
The Graph · 2020 · Design paper
The Graph: a decentralised query protocol for blockchains
The Graph's paper describes a market for indexing chain data: indexers stake, curators signal which subgraphs matter, and consumers pay for queries the base chain is bad at serving.
Augur · 2018 · Design paper
Augur: a Decentralized Oracle and Prediction Market Platform
Augur's paper specifies a prediction market whose outcomes are reported by token holders, with a dispute ladder that can escalate a lie toward a fork of the market itself.
Already in the historic library
These primary papers were on the original site. Open the archived PDF rather than a second essay.
- Bitcoin
Satoshi Nakamoto, 2008
- Ethereum
Buterin white paper
- Ethereum yellow paper
Wood, EIP-150 revision
- Ripple consensus
Schwartz, Youngs, Britto
- Stellar consensus
Mazières
- Interledger
Thomas and Schwartz
- Pegged sidechains
Back et al.
- Tether
Fiat on a Bitcoin-era chain
- Dash
Duffield and Diaz
- Peercoin
King and Nadal, proof of stake
- Corda
R3 introductory paper
- IOTA Tangle
Popov
- Filecoin, 2014 sketch
Earlier than the 2017 Protocol Labs paper
- Gnosis
Prediction markets
- Sia
Vorick and Champine
- Storj
Wilkinson et al.
- Kadena, 2016
Private-chain note, not Chainweb
Historic library
The original Blockchain Lab PDF index, kept at the same paths. Summaries are the archive blurbs, not new essays.
BlockChain Technology
Beyond Bitcoin
A blockchain is essentially a distributed database of records or public ledger of all transactions or digital events that have been executed and shared among participating parties.
Bitcoin
A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System
A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution.
BlockChain Technology
To banking and financial sector in india
TECHNOLOGY and banking have a long close association. Both have been benefitting immensely by this association.
Blockchain Innovations
With Pegged Sidechains
The blockchain paradigm when coupled with cryptographically-secured transactions has demonstrated its utility through a number of projects, not least Bitcoin.
Ethereum
A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger
Since the introduction of Bitcoin[Nak09] in 2009, and the multiple computer science and electronic cash innovations it brought, there has been great interest in the potential of decentralised cryptocurrencies.
Ripple Consensus
The Ripple Protocol Consensus Algorithm
While several consensus algorithms exist for the Byzantine Generals Problem, specifically as it pertains to distributed payment systems, many suffer from high latency induced by the requirement that all nodes within the network communicate synchronously
Permacoin
Repurposing Bitcoin Work for Data Preservation
Bitcoin is widely regarded as the first broadly successful ecash system. An oft-cited concern, though, is that mining Bitcoins wastes computational resources.
MultiChain Blockchain
Dr Gideon Greenspan, Founder and CEO, Coin Sciences Ltd
Blockchain’s
Driving the Next Wave of Innovation
Smart contracts with embedded business rules promise not only to reduce transaction costs but to create more agile value chains that enable closer cooperation and enhanced trust across the extended manufacturing ecosystem.
Blockchain
een uitwerking van nieuw denken
Blockchain is de nieuwe belofte in ICT: er gaat geen dag voorbij of er is een congres of er verschijnt een artikel over de technologie. Maar wat is blockchain precies en wat kan de overheid ermee?
Hawk
The Blockchain Model of Cryptography and Privacy-Preserving Smart Contracts
Emerging smart contract systems over decentralized cryptocurrencies allow mutually distrustful parties to transact safely without trusted third parties. I
Veros
White Paper
A cryptocurrency is a medium of exchange, which makes use of cryptography to secure transactions and to control creation of additional currency units.
The Digital Asset Platform
Non-technical White Paper
This paper provides a high level overview of the architecture of the Digital Asset Platform, a common foundation on which financial services applications can be built.I
Dash
A PrivacyCentric CryptoCurrency
A cryptocurrency based on Bitcoin, the work of Satoshi Nakamoto, with various improvements such as a twotier incentivized network, known as the Masternode network. I
Heat Ledger
Heuristically Enhanced Asynchronous Transactions
HEAT Ledger is a self-appointed “Gen 3.0” cryptocurrency platform focusing on resolving the two most pressing pitfalls of the existing 2.0 and 1.0 cryptocurrency server software solutions;
Heat Ledger
Heuristically Enhanced Asynchronous Transactions
HEAT Ledger is a self-appointed “Gen 3.0” cryptocurrency platform focusing on resolving the two most pressing pitfalls of the existing 2.0 and 1.0 cryptocurrency server software solutions;
ChainDB
A Peer-to-Peer Database System
Bitcoin [1] has demonstrated a new approach to securely storing data in the cloud. The Bitcoin database services millions of users around the planet and has thus far shown itself to be essentially invulnerable to attack.
Blockchain Technology
Implications and Opportunities For Professional Engineers
You are hereby granted a non-exclusive limited revocable license to use this National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) white paper provided full attribution is provided to NSPE
Corda
White papers
A distributed ledger made up of mutually distrusting nodes would allow for a single global database that records the state of deals and obligations between institutions and people
Ethereum
A next generation smart contract
When Satoshi Nakamoto first set the Bitcoin blockchain into motion in January 2009, he was simultaneously introducing two radical and untested concepts.
Blockchain
Opportunities for Health Care
by RJ Krawiec, Dan Housman, Mark White, Mariya Filipova, Florian Quarre, Dan Barr, Allen Nesbitt, Kate Fedosova, Jason Killmeyer, Adam Israel, Lindsay Tsai
Hewlett Packard
Blockchain in the financial services industry
Blockchain is a technology that creates a distributed ledger of transactions on a network that is secure, tamper-proof, and easily accessible.
Stratis
Blockchain Solution
Blockchain or Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) offers a radically different paradigm of storing and managing information online.
Embracing Disruption
Tapping the potential of distributed
DTCC is an industry-owned and governed financial market utility with more than 40 years of experience mitigating risk
#MTFLabs:Blockchain
Whitepaper
In late May of 2016, a diverse group of experts met at #MTFBerlin, to participate in a laboratory in which they would experiment, test ideas and explore how blockchain technology
D+H
Financial Technologies
Heralding a New Era in Financial Services In recent months, hardly a day has passed without news of further initiatives and investments in blockchain
Digital Assets on Public Blockchains
White Paper
Digital asset management is one of promising applications of blockchain technology. Blockchains could provide principal disintermediation between digital asset issuers, application developers and consumers and decouple tasks.
Æternity blockchain
The trustless, decentralized and purely functional oracle machine
— Since the introduction of Ethereum in 2014 there has been great interest in decentralized trustless applications (smart contracts).
Finance and Economics Discussion Series
Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary.
Digital innovations in finance, loosely known as fintech, have garnered a great deal of attention across the financial industry.
Uport
A platform for self-sovereign identity.
Uport is a secure, easy-to-use system for self-sovereign identity, built on Ethereum. The uPort technology consists of three main components: smart contracts, developer libraries, and a mobile app.
Tether
Fiat currencies on the Bitcoin blockchain
A digital token backed by fiat currency provides individuals and organizations with a robust and decentralized method of exchanging value while using a familiar accounting unit
Blockfreight
The blockchain for global freight.
April 26th | This day now marks two revolutions in freight, 60 years apart. The first was in 1956 with the launch Malcom McLean’s shipping container introducing.
Blockchain Technologies
A whitepaper discussing.
The healthcare industry suffers from an inability to clearly communicate costs in a timely and easy-to-understand format.
Blockchain
In Capital Markets
The aim of this joint report by Euroclear and Oliver Wyman is to help leaders in capital markets to understand the potential of the technology, lay out the paths for its adoption, and present.
PAR
Productive Asset Record System
An open investment recording system built with intelligent lending and hedge fund administration in mind.
Storj
A Peer-to-Peer Cloud Storage Network
A peer-to-peer cloud storage network implementing client-side encryption would allow users to transfer and share data without reliance on a third party storage provider.
Creditbit
WHITE PAPER
Creditbit is a relatively young cryptocurrency, developed on an independent Bitcoin-like Blockchain on December 2015.
TATA
Blockchain for the Internet of Things
Blockchain has begun to have a signicant inuence in the Internet of Things by enhancing security, empowering the incorporation of an increasing number of devices into the ecosystem.
Finra
Distributed Ledger Technology: Implications of Blockchain for the Securities Industry1
Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) (also known as blockchain technology or distributed database technology) has attracted significant interest and funding in the financial services industry in recent years.
Sia
Simple Decentralized Storage
The authors introduce Sia, a platform for decentralized storage. Sia enables the formation of storage contracts between peers.
DIONS
Whitepaper
The development of modern cryptocurrencies began in 2008 with the publication of an article by Satoshi Nakamoto [1] and Bitcoin release, although it should be noted, some work in this direction was made earlier[2].
Proving Ethereum for the Clearing Use Case
Emerald Performance Testing Technical Paper
The current cross-border clearing and settlement value chain is costly, inefficient, and not transparent.
Gnosis
White paper
Prediction markets are poised to become one of the most disruptive innovations in capital markets and data science since the beginning of the Information Revolution.
Filecoin
A Cryptocurrency Operated File Storage Network
Filecoin is a distributed electronic currency similar to Bitcoin. Unlike Bitcoin’s computation-only proof-of-work, Filecoin’s proof-of-work function includes a proof-of-retrievability component, which requires nodes to prove they store a particular file.
SWISSCOIN
Whitepaper
January 3, 2009 has marked the beginning of a new era of globalisation and world interconnection: the first Bitcoin transaction1 has occurred.
SWISSCOIN
Whitepaper
January 3, 2009 has marked the beginning of a new era of globalisation and world interconnection: the first Bitcoin transaction1 has occurred.
Open-Transactions
Secure Contracts between Untrusted Parties
A low-trust notary could replace conventional transaction servers and would allow users to gain access to safe, fast, inexpensive, off-chain transactions with increased functionality.
WINGS
White Paper
WINGS is a blockchain platform that seeds and nurtures a community dedicated to the launching, backing and promotion of new projects proposals through a fluid organizational model referred to as a Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO).
Fab City
Locally productive, globally connected self-sufcient cities
More than 200 years since the Industrial Revolution, global urbanisation keeps accelerating. United Nations projections indicate that 75% of the human population will be living in cities by 2050.
PWC
Blockchain – an opportunity for energy producers and consumers?
Blockchain is a special technology for peer-to-peer transaction platforms that uses decentralised storage to record all transaction data.
Teambrella
A PeertoPeer Insurance System
Most insurance services are currently both inefficient and nontransparent. We propose a way to solve these issues by implementing a system that provides peertopeer insurance.
Plutus
White Paper
The Plutus Mobile Application enables a user to make contactless Bitcoin payments at any merchant with a Near Field Communication (NFC) enabled checkout terminal.
Taas
Token-as-a-Service
TaaS introduces an innovation business model that allows investeros to capitalize on the rise of blockchain markets without dealing with hurdles. risk and technical barriers.
An Introduction to Bitcoin and Blockchain Technology
Whitepaper
Bitcoin technology began to enter the public discourse in 2011, largely through its association as an anonymous payment system used on illicit and underground websites.
Decent
Whitepaper
True innovation is rare, especially in the world of media. More difficult is to determine which aspect of media thrives for development most. Majority of mainstream media do not truly innovate as they are happy with their current business models.
Chronicled
Open Registry for IoT
With a blockchain-hosted Open Registry for Internet of Things, we envision a future where everything—from your car, to a work of art, to the glass of wine you drink at the end of a long day—can have a unique and unforgeable identity, life, and history on the Internet.
PPCoin
Peer-to-Peer Crypto-Currency with Proof-of-Stake
A peer-to-peer crypto-currency design derived from Satoshi Nakamoto’s Bitcoin. Proof-of-stake replaces proof-of-work to provide most of the network security.
A Securities Law Framework for Blockchain Tokens
White Paper
A blockchain token is a digital token created on a blockchain as part of a decentralized softwareprotocol.
Kadena
The first scalable, high performance private blockchain
This paper introduces Kadena, the first private/permissioned blockchain technology to achieve high performance at scale. K
Capgemini
Leveraging Blockchain to Transform Insurance Industry
‘The revolution will not be televised. It will be cryptographically time stamped on the block chain.
JPX
Applicability of Distributed Ledger Technology to Capital Market Infrastructure
This material was compiled based on the results of research and studies by directors, officers, and/or employees of Japan Exchange Group, Inc.,
Equibit
A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Equity System
The registration, transfer, clearing and settlement of equities represents a significant part of economic activity currently underserved by modern technological innovation.
ETHEREUM
A SECURE DECENTRALISED GENERALISED TRANSACTION LEDGER EIP-150 REVISION
The blockchain paradigm when coupled with cryptographically-secured transactions has demonstrated its utility through a number of projects, not least Bitcoin.
ShoCard
White Paper
With the use of a mobile app and facial recognition, travelers need to be only identified once and can be quickly verified by nonaffiliated airlines, airports or other agencies.
The Stellar Consensus Protoco
A Federated Model for Internet-level Consensus
Financial infrastructure is currently a mess of closed systems. Gaps between these systems mean that transaction costs are high [Provost 2013] and money moves slowly across political and geographic boundaries [Banning-Lover 2015; CGAP 2008].
A Protocol for Interledger Payments
White paper
We present a protocol for payments across payment systems. It enables secure transfers between ledgers and allows anyone with accounts on two ledgers to create a connection between them.
REVIEW OF CRYPTONOTE
White paper
This document is not intended as financial advice; it is one mathematician’s take on the white paper before digging into the code. I’ve learned a lot writing this document.
Blockchain Technology
Possibilities for the U.S.Postal Service
Blockchain technology allows peers to exchange money directly without the need for a traditional financial intermediary, lowering the cost and increasing the speed of transactions.
ETLA
White Paper
In November 2008, a mysterious white paper appeared on the Internet in all quietness. Written under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto, the paper described a new method for creating a fully distributed digital currency system by cryptographically
Filament Foundations
White Paper
As more and more devices are connected in the Internet of Things (IoT), an enormous amount of value is waiting to be unlocked.
Tangle
White Paper
In this paper we analyze the technology used as a backbone of iota (a cryptocurrency for Internet-of-Things industry).
Dragonfly Fintech
Blockchain Technology A New Paradigm
A blockchain is a system to share distributed data in a robust and mathematically secure way. Due to the ubiquity of data at the core of many real-world systems, blockchain technology is already revolutionizing data processing in many domains.
Consensys
White Paper
This report hopes to bring the World Government Summit a fresh perspective on the current state of blockchain technology. The report explores how the blockchain will drive positive changes in nearly every area of civic life over the next ten years.
World Economic Forum
White Paper
There is widespread recognition among leaders in most industries that the role of digital technology is rapidly shifting, from being a driver of marginal efficiency to an enabler of fundamental innovation and disruption.
Imf staff discussion note
Virtual Currencies and Beyond: Initial Considerations
New technologies—supported by advances in encryption and network computing—are driving transformational change in the global economy, including in how goods, services and assets are exchanged.
Enabling Blockchain Innovations with Pegged Sidechains
White Paper
Since the introduction of Bitcoin[Nak09] in 2009, and the multiple computer science and electronic cash innovations it brought, there has been great interest in the potential of decentralised cryptocurrencies.
Adel
White Paper
This document and any other Adel documents do not constitute a prospectus of any sort and are not a solicitation for investment.
Fraunhofer
White Paper
The »Industrial Data Space« is a virtual data space using standards and common governance models to facilitate the secure exchange and easy linkage of data in business ecosystems.
Blockchain
DECENTRALIZED TRUST
Entreprenörskapsforum är en oberoende stiftelse och den ledande nätverksorganisationen för att initiera och kommunicera policyrelevant forskning om entreprenörskap, innovationer och småföretag.
ECOMP
(Enhanced Control, Orchestration, Management & Policy) Architecture White Paper
AT&T’s Domain 2.0 (D2) program is focused on leveraging cloud technologies (the AT&T Integrated Cloud – AIC) and network virtualization to offer services while reducing Capital.