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Research corpusConsensusBLC-STUDY-0090

Combining GHOST and Casper

An idealised proof-of-stake protocol that pairs a GHOST-style fork choice with Casper FFG finality. The paper is the design argument for Ethereum's beacon chain, not a status report on a later client or a later outage.

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Record

Authors
Vitalik Buterin, Diego Hernandez, Thor Kamphefner, Khiem Pham, Zhi Qiao, Danny Ryan, Juhyeok Sin, Ying Wang and Yan X. Zhang
Date
2020
Publisher
Vitalik Buterin, Diego Hernandez, Thor Kamphefner, Khiem Pham, Zhi Qiao, Danny Ryan, Juhyeok Sin, Ying Wang and Yan X. Zhang
Version
Source cited by the 2020 study. The study is the reading. This page does not add a second essay.
Document ID
BLC-STUDY-0090
DOI
None recorded
Last reviewed
1 October 2026
Licence
No licence recorded. Rights status under review.

No hash is published. This build does not store those PDF bytes, so a checksum would be invented. Where a legacy path exists, it points at the Internet Archive copy of the old library.

Direct answer

An idealised proof-of-stake protocol that pairs a GHOST-style fork choice with Casper FFG finality. The paper is the design argument for Ethereum's beacon chain, not a status report on a later client or a later outage.

Where to read

Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.

Full text

Full text is not published on this page. Public availability is not a licence to republish a document. Blockchain Lab has not recorded a licence that permits an HTML transcription, a training set, or a retrieval corpus of the paper. Text on this page is Blockchain Lab's own wording, or a pointer to a study that is also Blockchain Lab's wording.

What changed

The study separates the text from later network behaviour. This bibliographic page does not repeat that essay.

Relationships

Cite this record

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Author–date

Buterin, V., Hernandez, D., Kamphefner, T., Pham, K., Qiao, Z., Ryan, D., Sin, J., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Y. X. (2020). Combining GHOST and Casper. Vitalik Buterin, Diego Hernandez, Thor Kamphefner, Khiem Pham, Zhi Qiao, Danny Ryan, Juhyeok Sin, Ying Wang and Yan X. Zhang. https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.03052

BibTeX

@techreport{gasper2020,
  title = {Combining GHOST and Casper},
  author = {Vitalik Buterin, Diego Hernandez, Thor Kamphefner, Khiem Pham, Zhi Qiao, Danny Ryan, Juhyeok Sin, Ying Wang and Yan X. Zhang},
  year = {2020},
  institution = {Vitalik Buterin, Diego Hernandez, Thor Kamphefner, Khiem Pham, Zhi Qiao, Danny Ryan, Juhyeok Sin, Ying Wang and Yan X. Zhang},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.03052},
  note = {Rights status: Official external source only. Blockchain Lab record: https://blockchainlab.com/research/corpus/papers/gasper}
}

RIS

TY  - RPRT
TI  - Combining GHOST and Casper
AU  - Vitalik Buterin
AU  - Diego Hernandez
AU  - Thor Kamphefner
AU  - Khiem Pham
AU  - Zhi Qiao
AU  - Danny Ryan
AU  - Juhyeok Sin
AU  - Ying Wang
AU  - Yan X. Zhang
PY  - 2020
PB  - Vitalik Buterin, Diego Hernandez, Thor Kamphefner, Khiem Pham, Zhi Qiao, Danny Ryan, Juhyeok Sin, Ying Wang and Yan X. Zhang
UR  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.03052
N1  - Rights status: Official external source only
ER  -

CSL-JSON

[
  {
    "type": "report",
    "id": "BLC-STUDY-0090",
    "title": "Combining GHOST and Casper",
    "author": [
      {
        "literal": "Vitalik Buterin"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Diego Hernandez"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Thor Kamphefner"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Khiem Pham"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Zhi Qiao"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Danny Ryan"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Juhyeok Sin"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Ying Wang"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Yan X. Zhang"
      }
    ],
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2020
        ]
      ]
    },
    "publisher": "Vitalik Buterin, Diego Hernandez, Thor Kamphefner, Khiem Pham, Zhi Qiao, Danny Ryan, Juhyeok Sin, Ying Wang and Yan X. Zhang",
    "URL": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.03052",
    "note": "Rights status: Official external source only. Not a licence to republish the paper."
  }
]

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Rights record

Source status
Official source
Use status
Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.
Rights
Official external source only
Training and retrieval
Not permitted from this site. There is no rights-cleared full text to retrieve or to train on.

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