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Stack

Wallet and custody

Where the keys live, and the policy that lets them sign.

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The decision

Self-custody, MPC, multisig, HSM, and a qualified custodian are different operating models. This layer does not hold assets for the reader.

When a chain is the wrong layer

If a single operator already holds the legal right and the users, a database with permissions is often the better system. Add a ledger when several parties must share a record none of them should silently edit.