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Payment and settlement

How an obligation is actually discharged.

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The decision

A message, a confirmation, and legal finality can be three times. Stablecoins, deposits, and ordinary rails are options, not a ladder of virtue.

When a chain is the wrong layer

If a single operator already holds the legal right and the users, a database with permissions is often the better system. Add a ledger when several parties must share a record none of them should silently edit.