{"document_id":"BLC-PDF-0007","slug":"peercoin","title":"PPCoin: Peer-to-Peer Crypto-Currency with Proof-of-Stake","authors":"King and Nadal","year":2012,"date_label":"2012, as commonly cited for this title. Not re-read from the file bytes in this build.","publisher":"The authors","paper_type":"Design paper","category":"Consensus","topics":["Proof of stake"],"source_url":"https://www.peercoin.net/assets/paper/peercoin-paper.pdf","source_label":"peercoin.net PDF","legacy_pdf_path":"/pdf/peercoin-paper.pdf","sha256":null,"sha256_note":"No hash is published. This build does not store those PDF bytes, so a checksum would be invented. Where a legacy path exists, it points at the Internet Archive copy of the old library.","version":"Historic library file.","doi":null,"rights_status":"Rights uncertain","source_status":"Historic library path","use_status":"Legacy path remains. Full text is not republished.","licence":null,"licence_label":"No licence recorded. Rights status under review.","full_text":null,"full_text_reason":"Full text is not published on this page. Public availability is not a licence to republish a document. Blockchain Lab has not recorded a licence that permits an HTML transcription, a training set, or a retrieval corpus of the paper. Text on this page is Blockchain Lab's own wording, or a pointer to a study that is also Blockchain Lab's wording.","editorial_line":"King and Nadal's paper is an early proof-of-stake design sitting beside proof of work. The library already names them.","canonical_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/research/corpus/papers/peercoin","record_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/research/corpus/papers/peercoin","study_url":null,"last_reviewed":"2026-10-01","last_checked":"2026-10-01","relationships":[{"rel":"Concept","label":"Proof of stake","href":"/learn/concepts/proof-of-stake"},{"rel":"Later and different","label":"Ouroboros","href":"/whitepaper/ouroboros"}]}