{"document_id":"BLC-PDF-0008","slug":"iota-tangle","title":"The Tangle","authors":"Serguei Popov","year":null,"date_label":"Historic library file. Year not re-verified from the bytes in this build.","publisher":"The author","paper_type":"Design paper","category":"Consensus","topics":["DAG"],"source_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1808.09186","source_label":"A later arXiv note exists; it is not asserted to be this file","legacy_pdf_path":"/pdf/tangle.pdf","sha256":null,"sha256_note":"No hash is published. This build does not store those PDF bytes, so a checksum would be invented. Where a legacy path exists, it points at the Internet Archive copy of the old library.","version":"Historic library file tangle.pdf. Not byte-compared with arXiv.","doi":null,"rights_status":"Rights uncertain","source_status":"Historic library path","use_status":"Legacy path remains. The arXiv link is a related public copy and may be a different version.","licence":null,"licence_label":"No licence recorded. Rights status under review.","full_text":null,"full_text_reason":"Full text is not published on this page. Public availability is not a licence to republish a document. Blockchain Lab has not recorded a licence that permits an HTML transcription, a training set, or a retrieval corpus of the paper. Text on this page is Blockchain Lab's own wording, or a pointer to a study that is also Blockchain Lab's wording.","editorial_line":"The library holds Popov's Tangle paper: a directed graph of transactions that approve earlier ones, instead of a single chain of blocks.","canonical_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/research/corpus/papers/iota-tangle","record_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/research/corpus/papers/iota-tangle","study_url":null,"last_reviewed":"2026-10-01","last_checked":"2026-10-01","relationships":[{"rel":"Concept","label":"Consensus","href":"/learn/concepts/consensus"}]}