{"document_id":"BLC-STUDY-0166","slug":"bulletproofs-range","title":"Confidential Assets","authors":"Andrew Poelstra, Adam Back, Mark Friedenbach, Gregory Maxwell and Pieter Wuille","year":2018,"date_label":"2018","publisher":"Andrew Poelstra, Adam Back, Mark Friedenbach, Gregory Maxwell and Pieter Wuille","paper_type":"Design paper","category":"Privacy","topics":["Privacy"],"source_url":"https://blockstream.com/bitcoin17-final41.pdf","source_label":"Blockstream Bitcoin 2017 paper","legacy_pdf_path":null,"sha256":null,"sha256_note":"No hash is published. This build does not store those PDF bytes, so a checksum would be invented. Where a legacy path exists, it points at the Internet Archive copy of the old library.","version":"Source cited by the 2018 study. The study is the reading. This page does not add a second essay.","doi":null,"rights_status":"Official external source only","source_status":"Official source","use_status":"Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.","licence":null,"licence_label":"No licence recorded. Rights status under review.","full_text":null,"full_text_reason":"Full text is not published on this page. Public availability is not a licence to republish a document. Blockchain Lab has not recorded a licence that permits an HTML transcription, a training set, or a retrieval corpus of the paper. Text on this page is Blockchain Lab's own wording, or a pointer to a study that is also Blockchain Lab's wording.","editorial_line":"Confidential assets put an asset tag beside a Pedersen commitment so a transaction can balance in several assets without publishing which output is which asset or how much.","canonical_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/whitepaper/bulletproofs-range","record_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/research/corpus/papers/bulletproofs-range","study_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/whitepaper/bulletproofs-range","last_reviewed":"2026-10-01","last_checked":"2026-10-01","relationships":[{"rel":"Canonical reading","label":"Range proofs study","href":"/whitepaper/bulletproofs-range"},{"rel":"Related paper","label":"Confidential Transactions","href":"/whitepaper/confidential-transactions"},{"rel":"Related paper","label":"Bulletproofs","href":"/whitepaper/bulletproofs"}]}